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TRAINING MATERIAL FOR PRACTICAL SESSIONS Advanced Center for Water Resources Development and Management The training material for practical sessions at the Advanced Center for Water Resources Development and Management covers essential topics in hydrogeology and watershed management. Key subjects include measurement units, toposheet reading, drainage analysis, and the integration of weather data for groundwater studies. Participants will learn about groundwater contour mapping, the use of Piper diagrams for water quality analysis, and methods for measuring spring discharge and water quality. The curriculum also emphasizes practical fieldwork and data collection, culminating in a socio-hydrological survey aimed at developing effective water management plans for local communities.
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MANAGING THE UMBARI SPRINGS:A Hydrogeological approach The management of the Umbari springs, crucial freshwater sources for Chorage and Jadhav Umbari villages, is increasingly challenged by changing rainfall patterns and population growth. The springs are fed by shallow aquifers in a region characterized by Deccan basalts and laterite, and their discharge is affected by the geology and seasonal precipitation. A hydrogeological study highlighted the need for a community-based approach to sustainably manage these springs, including soil conservation, repairing distribution systems, and monitoring water quality. Recommendations also suggest regulating groundwater extraction and protecting recharge areas to ensure equitable access and long-term viability of water resources.
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Spring profile report_ SIKKIM The ACWADAM report highlights the critical water shortage faced by higher-elevation hamlets in Sikkim, particularly during droughts when springs dry up. It emphasizes the need for effective springwater management, especially given the evidence of depletion due to lifestyle changes and climate impacts. The report details the training of field facilitators on spring identification and recharge techniques, showcasing various springs like Chukudum, Lampatey, and Devithan, which illustrate the hydrogeological complexities involved. The Dhara-Vikas program is presented as a promising strategy to enhance aquifer recharge and revive diminishing water resources, including hilltop lakes.
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Spring Hydrogeology of Diktoli-Sim ACWADAM's report on the Diktoli-Sim springshed in Uttarakhand, India, emphasizes the importance of groundwater recharge in the Chanda K-Aulaghat watershed. The report identifies Diktoli as a micro-watershed and highlights its geological features, including various rock types such as quartzite, slate, and limestone, which influence water flow. It details the spring inventory, revealing 20 springs, with three—Shivalay, Naunipani, and Dhara—selected for Sustainable Spring Management (SSM) activities. Recommendations include implementing recharge structures like staggered contour trenches and protecting forested areas to enhance water quality and availability for local communities.
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Sindhupalchok Spring hydrogeology, Nepal The technical report on Sindhupalchok's hydrogeology highlights the region's complex geology, featuring schists and gneisses, and the impact of recent earthquakes on spring behavior. The study identified six springs and assessed their recharge areas, noting that many springs have dried up or changed due to geological disturbances. Recommendations include implementing staggered contour trenching and vegetation planting to enhance groundwater recharge, particularly in areas used for agriculture. Overall, Sindhupalchok has significant groundwater resources, necessitating effective management and awareness to maintain sustainability amid environmental changes.
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Scientific and Technical inputs to spring shed management The project aims to improve spring water management in five districts of Nagaland, addressing the region's critical water scarcity issues exacerbated by climate change and land use. Collaborating with local organizations, the initiative focuses on providing secure drinking water, conducting springshed surveys, and educating communities on hydrogeology. Key objectives include identifying recharge zones, building local capacity for spring protection, and advocating for spring-specific policies. The study also highlights the need for a sustainable approach to water management, ensuring the preservation of traditional water sources while adapting to changing environmental conditions.
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Regional hydrogeology of the Tendong Hills and a rapid hydrogeological assessment for Kitam The report discusses the complex hydrogeological dynamics of the Tendong Hills and Kitam area in Sikkim, highlighting the interplay of diverse rock types and structures that influence the region's aquifers and spring systems. It emphasizes the importance of incorporating geological insights into watershed and spring development programs to enhance water security, especially in light of climate change and human activities. ACWADAM is actively involved in developing hydrogeologically informed recharge strategies for springs in these areas, aiming to improve water management and community capacity building. The report also outlines specific recharge areas and spring characteristics, underscoring the need for careful monitoring and management to ensure sustainable water supply.
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HYDROGEOLOGY BASED CATCHMENT AREA PLANNING FOR SPRING WATER MANAGEMENT IN TUENSANG DISTRICT , NAGALAND The ACWADAM report outlines a hydrogeological assessment aimed at managing spring water resources in Tuensang district, Nagaland. It highlights the critical state of freshwater availability due to population growth and environmental changes, emphasizing the need for effective groundwater conservation strategies. The study involves mapping spring locations, monitoring discharge, identifying recharge areas, and developing hydrogeological layouts. It suggests action-oriented measures like constructing recharge pits and trenches while promoting community involvement in groundwater management. Ultimately, the report advocates for sustainable practices to protect water resources and enhance local water supply systems.
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Hydrogeology based spring shed management plan in Khar, Nepal The report presents a hydrogeology-based management plan for springs in Khar, Darchula District, Nepal, focusing on the Dallekh-Sundamunda springshed. It identifies 48 springs, emphasizing their dependence on geological features, such as slates and fractures, for groundwater movement and accumulation. To enhance water availability, the report recommends targeted recharge measures, like constructing contour trenches and check-dams, particularly in areas with dense vegetation and agricultural land. The study highlights the need for ongoing data collection, geological assessments of additional springs, and training local residents in groundwater management practices.
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Hydrogeological assessment of Tendong Hills Region The report by ACWADAM outlines the hydrogeological assessment of the Tendong Hill region in South Sikkim, as part of the Village Water Security Plan (VWSP) development project in collaboration with RMDD and GIZ. It highlights the intricate relationship between the diverse rock types and structures in the Himalayas and their impact on the hydrogeological environment. The assessment reveals that the local aquifers are often discontinuous and can vary significantly in size and discharge, leading to challenges in water management for surrounding villages. Additionally, the report emphasizes that existing watershed development programs often overlook geological factors, risking project efficacy and sustainability.
Key findings from the assessment indicate that springs in the Tendong Hills are primarily influenced by geological structures, including faults and fractures that dictate spring locations and discharge behaviors. The study identifies crucial recharge areas for these springs and underscores the necessity of integrating geological insights into water management strategies. ACWADAM's efforts include monitoring spring discharge and water quality, along with community capacity building for better management practices. The Dhara Vikas project, which aims to conserve springs, relies on ACWADAM's hydrogeological expertise to inform its methodologies.
In conclusion, the report suggests a regional implementation plan to enhance water security in the Tendong Hill area, particularly for villages facing water scarcity. The proposed VWSP will address specific village needs while incorporating a holistic understanding of the local hydrogeological context. By engaging local communities and leveraging scientific research, the project aims to create sustainable water management practices that are resilient to both climatic and anthropogenic pressures, ultimately fostering greater water security for the region's inhabitants.
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Hydrogeological assessment of Demul and Chicham, Spiti The hydrogeological assessment of Demul and Chicham villages in the Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, highlights significant challenges related to water sources amidst climate change impacts. Springs serve as the primary water supply for local communities, providing essential drinking and irrigation water. However, the region has seen a decline in spring discharge due to changes in precipitation patterns, particularly reduced snowfall. This situation has raised concerns about sustainable livelihoods in these villages, prompting an initiative by Ecosphere and ACWADAM to identify potential recharge areas for aquifers that feed these vital springs.
The study documented over ten springs in both villages, with water quality testing indicating varying levels of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and salinity. While some springs met drinking water standards, others showed elevated pH levels, necessitating further investigation into potential contamination sources. The report suggests implementing recharge structures, such as trenches and percolation pits, in identified recharge zones to enhance groundwater levels. These efforts aim to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on water availability, ensuring that local communities can maintain their livelihoods in an increasingly unpredictable environment.
In conclusion, the delicate ecosystems in the Spiti Valley are facing mounting pressure from climate change, leading to a water crisis that threatens the sustainability of Demul and Chicham villages. With changing snowfall patterns and rising temperatures, proactive measures are essential to secure water supplies through innovative interventions. The collaboration between local communities and organizations like Ecosphere illustrates a commitment to balancing conservation and development, ultimately fostering resilience against ongoing climate challenges while supporting sustainable livelihoods in the region.
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Hydrogeological assessment for planning springshed management in Bans-Pabhe The hydrogeological assessment of the Bans-Pabhe springshed in Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand, conducted by the Advanced Center for Water Resources Development and Management, focuses on managing local water resources effectively. The study area, positioned within the Chandaak-Aulaghat watershed, includes significant springs such as Digtoli-Seem, Bans-Pabhe, and Jajrauli-Baksil. A detailed inventory identified 131 springs, with 52 situated in the targeted springsheds. The geological framework comprises Proterozoic rock formations characterized by limestone, dolomite, and phyllite, which influence water flow and spring characteristics in the region.
Key findings reveal that the springs in the Bans-Pabhe area are primarily influenced by secondary porosity and permeability due to the presence of fractures in the rock formations. The Kafaldhungri Dhara and Kutuadhara springs are perennial, while Kasni Dhara and Pabhe Naula are seasonal. Discharge rates fluctuate significantly, particularly during lean periods, indicating a pressing need for effective recharge measures. Strategies include contour trenching and afforestation to enhance aquifer recharge, especially as agricultural practices threaten the natural water supply.
In conclusion, the assessment underscores the importance of continuous monitoring and sustainable management of groundwater resources in the Bans-Pabhe springshed. Implementing recharge techniques and protecting the existing vegetation are vital to mitigate the declining discharge rates and ensure a stable water supply for local communities dependent on these springs. Ongoing research and collaboration among stakeholders are essential for addressing water scarcity challenges in the region.
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Handout Himmotthan The document discusses various rock types and their mineral compositions, focusing on their grain sizes, porosity, permeability, and impacts on water quality. It categorizes rocks into several groups, including mudstone, limestone, schist, granite, and basalt, highlighting their mineral content such as quartz, feldspar, calcite, and mica. For instance, mudstone and claystone are characterized by very fine grains and high porosity but low permeability, while limestone and dolomite contain larger grains of calcite and dolomite, often resulting in higher salinity and total dissolved solids (TDS). The text emphasizes that the presence of minerals like feldspar significantly influences water quality, particularly in terms of TDS and pH levels. Generally, rocks with higher feldspar content contribute to increased salinity and TDS, whereas those with clay and mica tend to have a minimal effect on these parameters. The summary concludes with an overview of how grain size and mineral composition affect the overall hydrological dynamics within different geological formations. Understanding these characteristics is crucial for effective water resource management in various environments.
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DAILEKH SPRINGS The hydrogeological study of Dailekh Springs, conducted by ACWADAM in collaboration with ICIMOD, focused on analyzing ten springs in the region to develop conceptual models and identify groundwater recharge sites. The investigation involved detailed geological assessments and monitoring of springs, leading to the classification of springs based on geological characteristics and their recharge zones. Springs such as Bukakhali Dhara and Ganjakhanepani were part of this study, with geological data collected to inform the mapping of their respective springsheds.
Key findings revealed the springs are predominantly located along a ridge underlain by phyllitic schist, with varying dip angles and fracture patterns influencing groundwater movement. The study categorized the springs into types, including depression and fracture springs, based on their formation and hydrology. Recharge measures were recommended for each spring, including staggered contour trenches and the establishment of ponds to enhance water retention and infiltration in their recharge zones. The suggested techniques are aimed at improving the sustainability of groundwater resources, considering the specific geological contexts of each spring.
In conclusion, this hydrogeological analysis of Dailekh Springs provides valuable insights into groundwater dynamics in the region, emphasizing the importance of tailored recharge strategies for different spring types. By implementing these measures, the project aims to safeguard and enhance the quality and quantity of groundwater resources, contributing to the local water supply and ecosystem health. The information serves as a foundation for future water resource management efforts in the area.
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Contours of Spring Water Management in the Himalaya The document "Contours of Spring Water Management in the Himalaya" by ACWADAM highlights the critical role of spring water in sustaining the rural populations of the Indian Himalaya, where approximately 60% of people rely on natural springs for drinking and irrigation. The Himalayan region, characterized by diverse geological structures, poses significant challenges to groundwater management due to its complex hydrogeology, which affects aquifer continuity and spring discharge. As many springs are drying up or becoming seasonal due to climate change and human activities, there is an urgent need for effective water management practices that involve community participation and a thorough understanding of the geological context.
ACWADAM has been actively engaged in research and action programs focusing on hydrogeological studies and spring water conservation in partnership with various organizations. Their efforts include detailed investigations to characterize spring recharge areas, monitor water quality, and implement community-based spring management systems. Through collaborations with organizations like CHIRAG and Himmotthan, ACWADAM aims to integrate scientific knowledge into local practices, ensuring that interventions are informed by geological realities and hydrological principles. This approach is essential for developing sustainable water management strategies that address both the immediate needs of local communities and the long-term viability of spring resources.
In conclusion, the document emphasizes the need for a paradigm shift in how spring water resources are managed in the Himalaya. By focusing on hydrogeological education and community engagement, ACWADAM aims to enhance the resilience of these vital water sources in the face of changing climatic conditions and increasing demand. Future research initiatives are necessary to deepen the understanding of groundwater dynamics and inform policies that promote sustainable practices. This holistic approach is crucial for securing water availability for rural populations reliant on these springs, thus ensuring their livelihoods and well-being.
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Case Study of Garhwal Springs The document focuses on the geohydrology of springwater management in the Garhwal Himalaya region of Uttarakhand, highlighting the challenges faced by local communities in accessing reliable water sources. Despite being the origin of major rivers, residents in the Himalayas often experience water shortages, primarily relying on springs for their drinking and domestic needs. The Himmotthan Initiative, in partnership with ACWADAM, aims to improve catchment area planning for spring water management through geohydrological studies, training programs, and community engagement.
Key aspects of the initiative include detailed hydrogeological investigations of selected springs, which encompass assessing spring discharge, water quality, and appropriate recharge measures. The study identifies four springs in the region, analyzing their geological settings and discharge patterns. Recommendations for enhancing spring discharge, protecting aquifers, and training local stakeholders in water data collection are integral parts of the initiative. The document emphasizes the necessity for a collaborative approach to address the social and administrative challenges encountered in implementing effective spring management practices.
In conclusion, the pilot studies underscore the significance of hydrogeological assessments in spring development and management, showcasing how targeted treatment measures can lead to improved water availability. Continuous capacity building and community involvement are essential for sustaining spring recharge initiatives, as they empower local organizations to monitor and manage water resources effectively. The insights gained from this study not only contribute to the understanding of spring hydrology but also highlight the importance of integrating scientific knowledge with community needs for effective water resource management in the Himalayas.
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PROCESS OF MAPPING The Advanced Center for Water Resources Development and Management uses hydrogeology to map springs, which are influenced by the rock cycle and inclined rock. The process involves using GPS, hammers, and clinometers to identify fracture zones, stream channels, and road cuttings. A springshed is an area bounded by a ridge and drains through a common point. Natural recharge occurs in springsheds, which can include one or more watersheds and aquifers.
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Understanding the Impacts from Springshed Development across the Himalayan Region The People's Science Institute in Dehradun has been working on regenerating underground seepage in the Himalayan region through engineering, vegetation, and social measures. These measures include trenching, small check dams/gullyplugs, recharge pits, planting of fuelwood, fodder, fruit trees, and grass, and social fencing. Secondary information collection steps for springshed development include hydrological surveys, socio-economic surveys, geo-tagged spring's inventory, spring discharge, water quality, household and population, and institutions. The finalization of critical springs, community mobilization, preparation of spring sheds, development plans, awareness building, formation of Water User Groups (WUGs), selection and capacity building, exposure visits, agreement with the community, establishment of data collection and monitoring systems, water balance, recharge area demarcation, aquifer mapping, treatment measures, water and sanitation protocols, budget, implementation of plans with community participation, evaluation, discharge, quality, survival rate, water sharing, livelihoods, operation and maintenance, and survey benefits. The springshed development activities have led to increased water storage capacity, soil retention, and improved domestic water availability and farm productivity.
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GROUNDWATER, AQUIFERS, SPRINGS AN INTRODUCTION ACWADAM is a think-tank and action-research organization focused on the science of groundwater and its applications to societal development. They work on aquifer-based, participatory groundwater management, training, action research, and policy and programs. The organization has trained over a thousand individuals and has influenced key decisions on aquifer-based participatory groundwater management in many locales. They have also developed a nuanced approach to aquifer-based and community-centric groundwater management, which has been incorporated into mainstream programs. ACWADAM has evolved as a leading think tank on hydrogeology and groundwater management in India. Groundwater usage has evolved from ancient times, with access from shallow sources, such as wells, springs, and qanats, to the present day. The hydrological cycle has changed, with changes in the hydrological cycle affecting different sectors, such as India's mountain groundwater springs. The organization has also contributed to the development of the 'aquifer mapping' programme under the 12th Plan and has influenced decisions on groundwater under various programs like IWMP and MGNREGS.
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Research Questions Adaptive experiments The research focuses on the revival of Himalayan springs in Sikkim, aiming to improve water supply and agriculture. The initiative, DharaVikas, has been successful in implementing adaptive experiments and learning from mistakes. The project has involved a range of activities, including preparing a spring atlas, assessing the vulnerability of gram panchayats, initiating pilots, and developing local capacity. The focus is on aquifers, with 120 ha of land taken up at recharge areas in 2013-14. The initiative has also focused on identifying vulnerable villages and critical springs. The project has faced challenges, such as learning from mistakes and implementing implementation guidelines. The research questions include the feasibility of reviving Himalayan springs, the need for recharge areas, the amount of investment needed, the expected benefits to farmers, and the impact of the initiative on the environment. The initiative aims to address the pressing needs of the village and ensure sustainable water supply.
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Spring Hydrogeology_ Training Manual Springs are a vital source of water supply to villages in the Himalaya, with about 60% of the population relying on natural spring water for drinking water, sanitation, and irrigation. With changing climatic conditions and rainfall patterns, many villages, hamlets, and settlements are facing potential drinking water shortages. Hydrogeological investigations are crucial to address this crisis and the impending peril. The revival of springs is essential for the region's sustainable growth. Over the last few years, many governmental and non-governmental organizations have initiated spring development programs in the Himalayan states. However, many of these programs fail due to lack of knowledge of the subsurface and lack of hydrogeological input in planning recharge measures. Springs are controlled by diverse geological features, which are not targeted by conventional watershed development projects. Recharge plans for springs must address quality issues, which cannot be done without understanding the geological influence on the water. The recharge area of a spring is decided after considering factors such as geology, permeability, weather, spring discharge measurement, and water quality monitoring.
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Importance of ground water in The Nilgiri district Groundwater is a vital resource that feeds various sources, including aquifers and springs. Aquifers are rocks or rock material that allow groundwater to store and move within it, making it available to wells, springs, and bore wells. Springs are locations or points on the ground surface where water from beneath the ground emerges on to the surface. Spring depletion can be caused by factors such as climate, land-cover, land-use, and seismicity. Understanding hydrogeology is the first step towards spring management, as it helps identify recharge areas and determine the discharge patterns in these rocks. Spring hydrographs are used to measure precipitation, reduced water levels, and cumulative rainfall. Water quality is also a crucial aspect of groundwater management. Socio-hydrogeology and springshed management are essential for maintaining water quality and preventing groundwater depletion. The Advanced Center for Water Resources Development And Management (ACWADAM) provides information on groundwater sanitation, socio-hydrogeology, and springshed management.
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PERMISSIBLE LIMITS OF WATER POLLUTANTS This presentation contains the permissible of water pollutant.
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FICCI - Geospatial Technologies in India - Success Stories Geospatial technologies in India have been instrumental in various sectors, including agriculture, mining, infrastructure, transportation, logistics, homeland security, disaster management, defense, and urban planning. These technologies are considered powerful tools that can effectively serve the overall developmental needs of the modern world. As India strives to achieve its developmental goals, the multifaceted and specialized capabilities offered by geospatial technologies will play a crucial role for information management in the future.
Maintaining geospatial technologies for effective decision-making and better governance is one of the mandates of FICCI. This publication is a compilation of Indian case studies of successful applications of this technology, showcasing their immense potential as a tool for planning and management of resources by diverse stakeholders. The publication aims to help in propagating the adoption of this promising technology by various stakeholders from the public and private sector.
The publication also highlights the importance of mapping technologies in preserving access to natural resources and biodiversity, as well as the role of UAVs in social research and the use of LiDAR technology for smart city surveillance.
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The rain–runoff response of tropical humid forest ecosystems to use and reforestation in the Western Ghats of India_ Journal of Hydrology The study investigates the impact of forest degradation and tree-plantation on degraded or modified forest ecosystems in the Western Ghats of India.